Matthew, H.C.G. In 1863 he used etching with acid to study the microscopic structure of metals and was the first to understand that a small but precise quantity of carbon gave steel its strength. At the start of the 21st century the term "second industrial revolution" has been used to describe the anticipated effects of hypothetical molecular nanotechnology systems upon society. Developments such as steel, electricity, increased mass production, and the building of a nationwide railroad network enabled the growth of sprawling cities. Air pollution continued to rise in the 1800s, causing respiratory illness and higher death rates in areas that burned more coal. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/second-industrial-revolution-overview-5180514. Cheap wood based paper also allowed keeping personal diaries or writing letters and so, by 1850, the clerk, or writer, ceased to be a high-status job. Print. The railroad soon became the main way by which companies transported raw materials to their factories and delivered final products to consumers. The Devastation-class turret ships were built for the British Royal Navy as the first class of ocean-going capital ship that did not carry sails, and the first whose entire main armament was mounted on top of the hull rather than inside it. Historians have identified several causes for the Industrial Revolution, including: the emergence of capitalism, European imperialism, efforts to mine coal, and the effects of the Agricultural Revolution. However, his enterprise was unsuccessful due to the prohibitive cost at the time.[36][37][38]. Terms in this set (3) . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The last document in the set is dated 1919. The Second Industrial Revolution. These changes included a wider distribution of wealth and increased international trade. It remains the world's most efficient prime mover. As a result, production often exceeded domestic demand. [104] There were many spin offs from researchsuch as the pharmaceutical industry, which emerged from chemical research. What were the causes & effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The theoretical and practical basis for the harnessing of electric power was laid by the scientist and experimentalist Michael Faraday.
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